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What is Domestic Violence?

Domestic violence is more than just a situation of a man hitting his wife on a Saturday night after they have both had a few drinks, although this situation can be part of a bigger problem. Domestic violence is a pattern of behavior that evolves over time with an end result of one partner using a range of tactics to have ultimate and complete control over the other partner. These tactics can include verbal abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse and/or psychological abuse. Depending on the levels of control the abuser has over his own behavior, domestic violence can at best result in a woman or child living in fear of an attack on a daily basis, to a situation where a woman or child dies at the hands of their abuser. In New Zealand alone six women died at the hands of their partner between November 2005 and January 2006 and these figures are comparable per head of population in most western countries.

The important point to note in this definition is the fact that domestic abuse is a pattern of behavior that evolves over time. Often times early in a relationship a male partner may express jealousy when his partner talks to another man at a social gathering for example. If, in response to his verbal anger his partner spends time reassuring him and taking the blame for her "wrong" behavior, the male starts to learn that the initial anger he expressed was "acceptable" within the relationship and so the next time he gets upset he gets that much worse, and so on.

For some women the warning signs are not as obvious although they are often glaringly obvious in hindsight. Some of these "warning signs" that you as a woman should note is when you are dating someone new for example and the man might want to really fast track the relationship so that he is living with you before you really know too much about him; he might always need to be right in a discussion even if he isn't; he doesn't give you any space in the relationship and always needs to know where you are, who you are with and what you are doing; other signs include the use of pornography; lack of consideration of your needs; has problems with homosexuals or people of a different race to himself; and so on.

What is Domestic Violence?

One of the reasons why it is fairly easy to be lulled into a false sense of security when in a relationship with an abuser is that in the early stages of the relationship the length of time between incidences might be fairly long. He may get angry only once every two or three months for example, but if the woman stays in that relationship, and the degree of abuse, whether it be physical, emotional, psychological or sexual (it is usually a combination of these elements) gets steadily worse, then regardless of what the man might say in the "honeymoon period" he is not going to stop abusing her. In fact there is a very real danger that the number of incidences in a year will increase alongside the increased severity of the attack.
One of the common misconceptions about domestic abuse is that the man who is doing the abusing has actually lost control of his own behavior, supposedly because of something that his partner has done (or not done). However studies have shown that the level of control exhibited by the abuser is actually very high, and that the men who do hit their women, or abuse them in some other way do chose their behavior.

There are three final points that need to be made in this article: Firstly the single underlying element that is used to control abused women and children is fear. Fear is something that is difficult for an abused woman to convey to another person - fear is an insidious feeling that can permeate every aspect of a woman's life - and finally fear is the emotion that has to be overcome by a friend or support person who is trying to help an abused woman.

The second point that must be made is that there are many cases where abusive acts are not evident to an outside observer. While the most common face of domestic violence is one that is covered in bruises there are many other forms of abuse that are just as debilitating to the victim and yet is not visible to other people. In particular emotional, psychological and sexual abuse, leave very few visible scars that could be noted by another person.

Finally an abusive man does not have the word "abuser" tattooed on his forehead. An abusive man can be from any ethnic group, belong to any socio-economic group, work in any profession or trade, or come from any family unit model. An abuser cannot be picked out by the clothes that he wears, the way he acts in public or the car that he drives. While there are some warning signs that could indicate the possibility of a man being an abuser, which were mentioned earlier, the fact still remains that because an abuser is an expert at controlling behavior, it makes that person very difficult to pick out of a crowd.

If you or someone you care about is a victim of domestic violence take them to the nearest police station or consult your local directory service for a women's refuge or similar local organization.

What is Domestic Violence?
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Lisa Oliver is a work-at-home Mom who writes about small business topics. She is also author of books such as Invisible Bars: Why Women Don't Leave (domestic violence) and "Can Ghosts Hurt You and Other Questions". [http://www.olivergrouppublications.com/ebooks/content.htm]

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The Top 10 Ways to Reduce Violence

I happen to live near the one of the tragic "school shootings" of the recent past, and I've seen how the grief, anger, heartache and turmoil have impacted our community. It has brought home that a general abhorrence of violence is not enough. While I'm sure others will have different, and perhaps wiser, suggestions about how to reduce violence, here are my Top 10 Ways to Reduce Violence. If you can improve them, I welcome your feedback, but I suspect it may be more important and more useful if you write a letter to your local newspaper or school board. Together, we can reduce and perhaps eliminate violence.

1. Disconnect anger from violence. I am convinced that human beings get angry, and that anger at injustice is often justified. There is healthy anger that insists, "There has to be a better way!" I shutter when I hear parents tell children, "You shouldn't be angry." Tell them instead, "You're feelings are OK, you can be angry, but you may not hit or hurt others."

2. See the connection between the love of violence and violence itself. Fascination with brutality, guns and bombs, war and evil must increase the chances for violent behavior. I can't prove that, it just seems likely to me.

The Top 10 Ways to Reduce Violence

3. See the connection between all levels of violence. Insults and taunting, humiliation and shaming are forms of violence. When we treat people badly, it should not surprise us when they seek a way to "get even."

4. Take all violence seriously. Playground bullies and sibling rivalries do not have to be accepted as part of life, at least not when children are getting hurt. Kids squabbling over "my toy" is one thing; hitting or pulling hair or knocking each other down is something else. We do not have to accept it as normal behavior.

5. Take troubled, angry people seriously. We talk about needing more early intervention with troubled kids, and I agree. But people of all ages get trapped in situations they can't handle, with emotions they don't know how to express. Domestic violence, violence among co-workers and among children should always be treated as a serious matter. Hitting and hurting, and threatening to hurt, are not OK.

6. Deal with the availability of guns. Knives, cars, and a thousand other things also kill people, but guns have a unique place in the American imagination. Of course, they also have a place in the rich tradition of hunting and target shooting. I don't have all the answers, but hunting seems different than having military-style weapons available in millions of homes across the country. There must be a better system.

7. Acknowledge the connection between violent images and violent behavior. I abhor censorship, so this is a tough one. But if 30-second images can sell us lipstick and Buicks, and change the way we vote, it seems likely that hours and hours of explosions, shootings, fights and mayhem may also influence behavior. To be blunt, I am particularly troubled by the violence in video games and the number of violent "action adventure" movies we support as a culture. Something strange is going on!

8. Acknowledge the connection between sports and violent behavior. Again, sports is a sacred icon in American culture, but it seems that sports have been separated from athletics. Instead of every child participating in gym class and competing in intramural sports, we have a culture of super-hero super-stars who are virtually above the law. Hockey, basketball, football and other sports all tolerate behavior that would result in arrest for assault outside the sports arena. Competition and fitness are valuable; organized violence is not acceptable!

9. Acknowledge the connection between language and violence. Business uses the language of the battlefield, and sports is full of encouragement to "get out there and kill", "massacre them", and "beat their brains out". Our legal system is based on the idea of lawyer's doing battle. While hiring a representative to fight with words instead of clubs was a huge step forward in the middle ages, perhaps our society is ready for an even higher level of conflict resolution.

10. See the violence in ourselves. Sometimes I find myself so angry I "daydream" about violence, or "really showing them". I hear jokes that use the phrase, "Just shoot the bastards!" I know if "looks could kill" or if cutting statements actually drew blood, I'd be in deep trouble. Violence is not just someone else's problem. I must work for peace, love and improved conflict resolution in my own life. How about you?

The Top 10 Ways to Reduce Violence
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© Copyright 2003 by Philip E. Humbert. All Rights Reserved. This article may be copied and used in your own newsletter or on your website as long as you include the following information: "Written by Dr. Philip E. Humbert, writer, speaker and success coach. Dr. Humbert has over 300 free articles, tools and resources for your success, including a great newsletter! It's all on his website at: http://www.philiphumbert.com

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Warning Signs of Your Abusive Boyfriend - Are You a Victim?

"Gosh...!! Look at him, how charming and considerate he is! He is the only one that I have ever desired." This is what we usually think when we come across someone who is charismatic and thoughtful. And we end up falling head over heels in love with him knowing very little of the demon that he has inside him.

We would overlook his jealousy and possessiveness thinking to be his way of expressing, how much he wants me and loves me, feeling on top of the world, until the day all hell breaks lose and we get to see the other side of him. We come in touch with someone, whom we have never known, a complete contrast of the person we had deeply fallen in love with. And standing right, there we see our world, which we have weaved with utmost love and care falling apart.

Thus, we begin to doubt about our safety and security in the company of that person, in whose embrace, we once found warmth and comfort. So, before taking the extreme step, knowing the person and his character traits is important, so that we don't end up spending our lives with an abuser in an abusive relationship.

Warning Signs of Your Abusive Boyfriend - Are You a Victim?

Here are a set of questions which would help you to identify the personality and character of your boyfriend, whether he is likely to become an abuser or not :

1) Does your boyfriend often get jealous of you, your friends, your career and your success? Does he get jealous whenever you talk to your male friends? Does your boyfriend often accuse you of having an affair with others?

2) Does he try to dominate you to the extent of controlling on deciding what you wear and how your hair style should be? Does he treat you as if you are inferior to him? Does he force you to consider him to be the top priority of your life and obey him?

3) Has he ever abused you verbally in front of his friends and family? Does he go to the extent of hitting you for no fault of yours? Does he often threaten you with death?

4) Has your boyfriend ever committed violent crimes against others which may prove fatal? Has he ever thrown or strike or hit objects at you? Is he violent towards children and animals?

5) Does he isolate you from your friends and families? Does he always blame you for his faults and bad luck? Does he always make you feel that you are at fault? he might try to make you feel guilty for no fault of yours.

6) Is he addicted to drugs or alcohols? Sometimes a person becomes violent when he is under the influence of drugs and began to hurt others.

7) An abusive person often has a dual character. He might pretend to be very soothing and understanding than he really is in front of others.

8) His mood fluctuates every now and then. And he gets angry very fast and is generally very aggressive.

9) At one moment he will make you feel on top of the world and in the next minute he would demoralize you and throw you in a trash can.

10) He may forcibly let you do something which you do not want to do. For example he might use his physical strength to prevent you from leaving the room or may even force you to have sexual intercourse.

If you see these traits in your boyfriend's behavior then most likely your relationship is heading towards an abusive relationship. And you need to seek help and guidance from Professional counselor. You need to pay attention to the warning signs however whether you want to continue staying in the relationship or end it abruptly is going to be your own decision.

Warning Signs of Your Abusive Boyfriend - Are You a Victim?
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Now, after going through all the warning signs that your boyfriend is abusing you, what you need is the guidance on how to tackle with such a situation. So, here are the tips on, how to end an abusive relationship.

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Family Structure in China

China has changed greatly in recent years, including the changing of family structure. A traditional Chinese family generally consists of at least two generations of people including husband and wife and children and there universally exists the phenomenon of three generations, four generations and even five generations living under the same roof. A big family is often held in great esteem.

However, along with social progress and epochal change, the size and structure of traditional Chinese families have undergone changes. Small size, simple structure and diversified patterns of families have become the main features of modern Chinese families. Since the introduction of the reform and opening-up policy, to adapt to changes in the mode of social production and the style of life, traditional families of complicated structure and big size have been gradually transformed into families of simple structure and small size. Mr. Guo, a resident living in Beijing, Tianshuiyuan, said, "When I was young, I had a family of 12 members, including my parents, my grandparents, as well as eight brothers and sisters. I was the youngest in my family. Now I have a family of three with only one child." Nowadays, more and more adults are moving out, leaving their elder parents alone. Many young couples now live with their parents not for family tradition, but rather because they cannot afford to buy a house or rent an apartment.

A nationwide survey found that about 23 percent of China's seniors over the age of 65 live by themselves. Another survey conducted in Beijing showed that less than 50 percent old elderly women live with their children. Since more and more elderly have to live alone, homes for the elderly are far from being enough to meet the needs of the elderly.

Family Structure in China

So, if you come to China and find a big family, which maybe is a very rare phenomenon now. You can ask them the reason and know some interesting stories about this family.

Family Structure in China
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People Skills: Eight Essential People Skills

Being able to communicate effectively with others requires people skills, and here's eight essential ones:

1. Understanding people

People not only come in all shapes and sizes, but they come with different personality types as well. You may want to brush up on how to communicate with the four main personality types by reading this article. Indeed, dedicated students of communication could do little better than purchase Bem Allen's excellent introduction to personality types, 'Personality Theories'.

People Skills: Eight Essential People Skills

People are individuals, with as many similarities from one person to the next as differences. To communicate most effectively, each will require you to communicate with them in their own individual preference style, using their language, their body gestures, and their pace and intonation.

So how do you find out how best to communicate with someone? Spend time with them! Don't expect to meet someone off the street and talk intimately with them within a minute. Understanding a subject takes time -- whether that subject is an academic one or another human being.

2. Expressing your thoughts and feelings clearly

Our brains can only take so much information in at any one time. We are bombarded with messages every second of the day, so to compete with the barrage of 'noise' a person faces, your message needs to be clear, succinct and to the point.

It is very worthwhile taking time to plan your communication -- no matter by what method it is delivered -- to ensure that you are taking the least amount of time to express the right level of thought in the most receptively simple manner.

3. Speaking up when your needs are not being met

Just as important in business relationships as in domestic ones, speaking up to ensure that your needs are met is a fundamental part of any relationship.

You may wish to read this article on assertive, not aggressive, communication, but in a nutshell there are six different ways you can be assertive and not aggressive in your communication: by rehearsing your behaviour prior to the communication; by repeating your communication (the 'broken record' technique); fogging; asking for negative feedback; tentative agreement with negative feedback; and creating a workable compromise.

Assertiveness is a useful communication tool. It's application is contextual and it's not appropriate to be assertive in all situations. Remember, your sudden use of assertiveness may be perceived as an act of aggression by others.

4. Asking for feedback from others and giving quality feedback in return

Alongside assertiveness techniques, the giving and receiving of feedback is a key communication skill that must be learnt if you want to have any hope of developing long-term business relationships..

Toastmasters International teach a useful feedback and critical review technique -- first give a sincere compliment, follow this with any practical suggestions for improvement, then wrap up with further sincere praise. It is known as 'CRC', or 'Commend, Recommend, Commend', a three-step model for excellence in giving quality feedback.

Remember, too, that truthfulness is a subjective view. What you may find distasteful in someone may be equally desirable from another's point of view. As I learnt, by living through a series of IRA atrocities in England and watching the US political and media reactions, one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter.

5. Influencing how others think and act

We all have the opportunity to influence how others think and act. All the way from Cialdini's Persuasion principles down to simple violence (of a verbal or physical nature), we are daily able to shape the thoughts and actions of those around us.

From something as simple as smiling and saying, "Hello!" as a way of influencing someone's mood, to leading by example during an intense period of change, there are many ways of either leading to or drawing out of others required behaviours and attitudes.

Remember that an attitude leads to an emotion, which in turn leads to an action. Shape the attitudes and you have a more reliable way of predicting actions.

6. Bringing conflicts to the surface and getting them resolved

I confess: I'm not a 'natural' at handling conflict. It's taken marrying into an existing family of three children to help this only child come to terms with conflict.

It's taken me three years of living in my family to realise it's possible to co-exist in conflict and not get personally involved. But it wasn't an easy lesson to learn, I can tell you!

But being a step-father to teenage children has helped me learn the importance of bringing conflicts and resentments to the surface where they can be more easily managed.

Your employees might be harbouring secret resentments of you, and unless you find out what they are, bring these 'dark secrets' out into the light of day, you are never going to be able to successfully deal with them.

It's embarrassing, potentially humiliating and requires a strong level of patience not to launch straight into a defensive mode, but giving people the opportunity to express their concerns, disappointments and anger, face-to-face, gives you tremendous opportunity to put things right, or help them see where their thoughts and feelings are misplaced.

7. Collaborating with others instead of doing things by yourself

I'm a shocker at this, but learning to delegate and share has been instrumental in growing my own business.

The quickest way of burying yourself in excess detail and workload is to try and do everything yourself. Yet sharing the workload can be the smartest thing you will ever do. Here's why:

'Leverage'.

Leverage is taking your skills and abilities and allowing others to magnify your work capacity. You train them to do what you do and you do something else.

One bricklayer can only lay a certain number of bricks in an hour, but that same bricklayer can train 15 mates to lay bricks and suddenly those 15 bricklayers are building monuments while the first bricklayer is out securing more work for them.

While the 15 are laying bricks, the original bricklayer can be learning how to perform advanced bricklaying, or learn sales strategies, or learn supervision skills.

The lesson is simple: try and do it all yourself and the 'all' will bury you; teach others to do what you do and you build a monument.

Jesus taught 11 men how to do what he did. Then he left them to carry on while he moved on to other things. From the simple act of one man teaching 11 others, a church and the largest, most influential religious movement the world has ever known was born.

8. Shifting gears when relationships are unproductive

Sometimes you need to walk away. Sometimes you need to jettison unhealthy cargo. And sometimes you need to take drastic steps to regain balance and momentum.

'Shifting gears' can be as simple as changing the venue of your supervision meeting from a dark office to a nearby cafe. Sometimes it can be moving the meeting from straight after lunch to first thing next morning, when clearer heads might prevail.

Sometimes it can mean increasing the level of assertiveness in order to ensure the point you are making is being received. Sometimes it might mean bringing others into the meeting so that the other person understands the implications of their attitudes or actions.

And sometimes it can mean helping them find a more meaningful and satisfying role outside of your sphere of influence.

As a management psychologist I clearly remember one organisation I consulted to: the only way out of a staff impasse was to remove the impediments to progress. Which meant helping key protagonists find new work outside of the organisation. Sometimes culture change can only be effected in a quick way by bringing in an entire new team and throwing away the dead wood. But only as a last resort.

Conclusion

The whole idea of being people skilled is knowing or finding how to bring out the best in others in any situation, rather than their worst. By mastering these eight essential people skills you dramatically increase your chances of achieving the best outcomes out of your interactions and business challenges.

People Skills: Eight Essential People Skills
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Help For Perpetrators of Domestic Violence

Very many people assume that it is only the victims of domestic violence that need help. Little do we know that even the people who are responsible for the abuse usually have a will to change and become better persons. There are perpetrator programmes that are established to help abusers who are desperate to change. They are designed to change the violent behavior in men. It helps them to realize the value of non-abusive healthy relationships and if possible aspire to live better lives. You will agree with me that majority of perpetrators of domestic violence are male and so the programme operators are mostly male. The programmes are usually made of small groups of around 9-16 men who have a history of being violent.

They might also be in currently abusive relationship. They are men from all walks of life, classes, backgrounds, races and geographical locations. The small group involve activities which are usually run by a maximum of three group-workers with previous experiences. The discussions are motivational, inspiration and educational. The group tackles all the subjects concerning violence and abuse. They define them, understand the perpetrators behavior, and most importantly they learn that they can control and choose not to be violent. They are taught to take responsibility for their violent behavior by avoiding to blame others. Perpetrators of domestic violence join the group because they are ready to change. They are made to understand the effect of their violence and how to notice when they are about to become violent and learn how to stop.

If you are among the perpetrators of domestic violence, you might be having a problem of resolving conflicts in a relationship. In the small group you will learn many non-abusive approaches of dealing with relationship problems. If you are always provoked by your partner's anger, you can help your partner to manage anger in a better non-abusive way. The help groups have a way of helping you to build respective relationships where you can negotiate and listen to your partner without getting hurt or worked up. You will never regret joining the interactive discussion groups as they offer realistic, stimulating and relevant advice. They look into every man's situation to make sure every single person benefits. In the meetings there are check-in moments to report any continued cases of abuse after the last meeting.

Help For Perpetrators of Domestic Violence

The changing programme of perpetrators may last long or shorter depending on the amount of change involved in the one's behavior. Change is a process and it does not happen overnight. A person who is to fully benefit from the programme should attend at least 2-3 hours a day for approximately 24 weeks. In other words a dedicated abusive person who is willing to change should attend 75 sessions without fail. According to testimonies from fully changed perpetrators of domestic violence, these programmes work miracles. You can join the one near you. Sadly, it is not all places which have perpetrator programmes. You can visit the domestic violence associations for more details.

Help For Perpetrators of Domestic Violence
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Reasons For Domestic Violence Seldom Understood

A few weeks ago my community paper published a letter to the editor which asked the question, "When will society stop domestic violence?"

The answer to the question is surprisingly simple, but difficult for people to accept, because domestic violence is ensconced in the deepest fiber of many families--religion. Many religions teach that 'spare the rod, you spoil the child' or that the Bible, specifically the book of Proverbs, commands spanking.

There is a distinction, however, which is of key interest to fundamentalists, between the practice in King Solomon's day of beating people on the back for discipline. The latter is not prescribed for children anywhere in the Bible.

Reasons For Domestic Violence Seldom Understood

Furthermore, it needs to be pointed out that the Old Testament contains passages that could be (and in some incidents have been) construed as divine endorsements of wife-beating, racial warfare, slavery, the stoning to death of rebellious children and other behaviors that are outrageous by today's standards.

If our laws no longer allow these Biblical commands with regard to adults, why then do we hit children, a.k.a. chastening to supposedly correct unacceptable behavior?

The answer is not complicated. We cannot conceive this Biblical and society-sanctioned form of child discipline as abuse until we can honestly acknowledge the mistreatment from our own childhood experiences and examine the shortcomings of our own parents.

As long as we believe, "I was hit and I turned out OK," the practice of violence through spanking will continue to be perpetuated in the home with the blessing of religion and a blind eye from society--unless of course the 'spanking' goes too far and the child is bloodied and bruised.

One fundamental commonality among all men and women in prison is the fact they were all spanked. If spanking created compliance to rules of society, then why is this the only commonality among people who are on the wrong side of the law?

Our laws and our cultural values are unambiguous concerning adults who hit, attack or verbally threaten other adults. Such behavior is recognized as criminal and we hold the perpetrator accountable.

Why then when so much is at stake for society, do we accept and promote physical assault against children? Then we wonder why there is domestic violence. Adults tend to repeat what they experienced more often than not. The old saying, 'The acorn doesn't fall far from the tree' makes this point. The child accepts the message, "If I don't like something someones says or does, hitting is the acceptable response."

As a physical and sexual abuse prevention specialist, I have heard a plethora of rationales why spanking is the only form of discipline some children seem to need in order to get the message. All these rationales are biologically faulty, because when a child is hit, his/her brain goes into shock and when the brain is in shock it no longer can assimilate information. Thus, the message the parent intends to convey is lost. Furthermore, hitting is a betrayal of trust and engenders anger/rage not compliance.

Think about it, if spanking is the magic solution for correcting aberrant behavior, then why doesn't one spanking solve the problem? Why does the child continue to repeat the same unacceptable behavior over and over?

Again the answer is simple--spanking doesn't work and children repeat any behavior--acceptable or unacceptable because they are in a learning process and they learn by repetition.

Consistent consequences such as: time out, grounding, withholding something of significance, extra chores teaches critical thinking, problem solving, relationship building and understanding how they are the creator of the consequence.

Whereas hitting/spanking because it is usually administered when the parent is at their 'wits end' or the parent(s) is/are in a bad mood about something which sometimes has no relationship to what the child did creates distrust. How can a child continue to trust a parent, who has betrayed them? Children trust their parent implicitly, but once that trust has been betrayed it is seldom regained, because there is no way to achieve reconciliation with a parent/person who doesn't acknowledge their unacceptable behavior.

When will society stop domestic violence? The simple answer is: When society stops sanctioning and promoting hitting or spanking children at home or in school. Twenty-two states allow corporal punishment with a wooden paddle in schools. Is your state one of the twenty-two? Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Wyoming allow paddling children with a wooden paddle in schools.

The real question is "When will you stop sanctioning and promoting hitting/spanking of children in your community, your school, your state?" As Voltaire pointed out long ago: "We are not only responsible for what we do, but also for that what we don't do." If you aren't part of the solution, you are part of the problem. Take action to educate yourself and others about this insidious crime against children.

1. "Punished for life: Canadian study links spanking to addiction and psychiatric disorders,"

2. Harriet McMillan, et al., "Slapping and spanking in childhood and its association with lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a general population sample," Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1999-OCT-5.

3. Jane Gadd, "Spanked children suffer intellectually," The Globe and Mail, Toronto ON, 1998-JUL-30

4. M.A. Straus, Corporal punishment of children and adult depression and suicidal ideation," Chapter 5 of: "Beating the devil out of them: Corporal punishment in American families and its effects on children."

5. P. Greven, "Spare the child: The religious roots of physical punishment and the psychological impact of physical abuse," Knopf, (1991)

6. Irvin Wolkoff, "Spanked child can become self-loathing adult," The Toronto Star, 1999-NOV-26, Page F4.

7. E. Larzelere, "A review of the outcomes of parental use of non-abusive or customary physical punishment," Pediatrics 98:824-831

8. Patricia McBroom, "UC Berkeley study finds no lasting harm among adolescents from moderate spanking earlier in childhood,"

9. Maggie Fox, "Why some boys go bad: Gene study may show why abused turn violent," Reuters News Agency, 2002-AUG-1.

10.Michael A. Milburn & Sheree D. Conrad, "The Politics of Denial," MIT Press, (1996). Read reviews or order this book safely from Amazon.com online book store

11. Andrew Grogan-Kaylor, "The effect of corporal punishment on antisocial behavior in children," Social Work Research, Vol. 28, # 3, 2004-SEP, Pages 153-162.

12. "U-M study: Spanking can lead to more bad behavior by children," University of Michigan News Service, 2004-SEP-08.

13. Sean Fine, "Study links spanking to future alcohol abuse," The Globe and Mail, Toronto, 1999-OCT-5, Pages A1 & A13

Reasons For Domestic Violence Seldom Understood
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Dorothy M. Neddermeyer, PhD, author, "If I'd Only Known...Sexual Abuse in or Out of the Family: A Guide to Prevention. Dr. Neddermeyer is noted for her pioneering work in verbal, physical, sexual abuse prevention and recovery. [http://www.gen-assist.com/store.html]

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Mafia in the 1920's

The origins of the mafia phenomenon dating back to the Middle Ages, when Sicily was under foreign domination and obedience wealthy families obtained through formal social control of land. The Mafia, organizationally, did not have a hierarchy, but was composed of autonomous groups who called themselves "men of honor." In those years, the landed aristocracy allied with social leaders and created a conservative power structure and stable, a strategy that allowed it to retain its dominance in Sicily thereafter.

Guided by a code of conduct called Omerta, the Mafia has quickly become an organization completely outside the law. The mob forced the code to be against justice, and also avoid any contact with her.In the early twentieth century, some members of this organization migrated to North America, specifically to the United States, thus spreading internationally clandestine criminal organizations.

Over time, the U.S. became the center of all crimes of the Mafia, since this country was restricting gambling and alcohol, which led to a large smuggling.The history of the Mafia has served to understand the source, structure, functioning and control mechanisms of criminal organizations, which has been a useful tool to study how they operate smugglers, murderers and drug cartels in the world more dangerous.

Mafia in the 1920's

From 1920 began the golden age for international gangsters. Sicilian criminals soon found followers worldwide, prompting the organization of organized crime groups in China, Russia, Cuba and the United States. The latter country was the favorite of these criminals, because it could easily be corrupted, to perform any illegal act at the time.

Here are the most renowned gangsters:

Al Capone (1899-1947).

He is also known as Scarface. It was the most important representation as to the history of the Mafia is concerned. It was noted for having the dirtiest business in the city of Chicago and for hosting the worst wars between the gangs of mobsters. By 1925, Al Capone became the owner of the Chicago underworld and his fortune amounted to one hundred million dollars. He was persecuted by the law for years, but his ability to corrupt evaded any justice.
Without clutch, after many years of persecution, Al Capone was caught for tax evasion and sentenced to eleven years in prison. He was transferred to Alcatraz federal prison and was granted after eight years parole.

Johnny Torrio (1882-1957).

Famous for his illegal business conduct in a violent manner, this criminal was a mentor to Al Capone and a leader within the hierarchy of the gangster. In 1924 he had been shot while fighting another band.

Dutch Schultz (1902-1935).

It was called the Beer Capo, for conducting all negotiations of this drink smuggled into New York City. He was killed by the justice of this city for being a threat to the district attorneys.

Mafia in the 1920's
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Want to learn more about The 1920 Mafia?. Please visit http://www.the-old-mafia.com.

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